Thursday, February 28, 2008

Prequalification of Contractors - Surety Bonds

Principal’s skills are verified by the surety company before the issuance of surety to the obligator. Before the issuance of the surety to the contractor, the surety company verify that the contractor satisfy all requirements of the contract. The surety will be in a position to undergone the risk, In default of the contractor. The surety has to undertake the performance or the payment of the obligee in failure of the contract. In such a situation, the surety pre qualify the requirements of the contractor in a thorough and rigorous manner and also see to that, the contractor will satisfy the needs of the surety. This prequalification is rigorous process.

The contractor is required to satisfy the following requirements.
• He should have the ability to meet the obligation of the contract.
• He should ensure the obligee, that he will give a faithful performance of the contract.
• He should procure good reference and reputation in the market regarding his contract business.
• He should have proper financial capability regarding his economic soundness.
• Has per the assurance he has to fulfill the performance of the contract.
• His book should show financial soundness of the company for the past few years.

Oblige
An oblige is a person who receives the benefit of the surety bond. The obligee is said to be the owner of the contract and he receives the performance of the contractor. The obligee makes payment to the contractor for completion of contract. In failure of the contract, the obligee can sue the principal and the surety against claims. The owner can ask the surety to complete the contract, if principal failed in his performance.

Surety
A surety is a guarantor for the performance of the principal against the contract. The surety undertakes the risk by guaranting against the principal. The surety enforces the contractor to perform the contract, in failure of the principal. The obligee can sue the surety for the failure of the principal’s performance.

Mutual funds

MUTUAL FUNDS

INTRODUCTION

Mutual funds have been successfully working is U.S.A and some western countries. These funds have been useful in filling the gap between demand and supply of capital in the market. A mutual fund motivates small and big investors to entrust their savings to it so that these are professionally employed ensuring their savings to it so that these are professionally employed ensuring good return. A large number of investors have small savings with them. They can at the most buy shares of one or two companies. When small savings are pooled and entrusted to mutual funds then these can be used to buy the chips where regular returns and capital appreciation are ensured.

Mutual fund is an American concept. The terms like Investment Company, Money Fund, Investment Trust and Mutual Fund are used interchangeably and used to describe same thing in American literature. In British literature, mutual funds has not been explained but is considered as synonym of investment trust of U.S.A.

MEANING OF MUTUAL FUND

A mutual fund is an investment vehicle for investors who pool their savings for investing in diversified portfolio of securities with the aim of attractive yields and appreciation in their value. As per mutual fund book, published by investment company institute of the U.S., a mutual fund is a financial service organization that receives money from shareholders, invests it, earns returns on it, attempts to make it grow and agrees to pay the shareholder cash on demand for the current value of his investment. The investment managers of the funds manage these savings in such a way that the risk is minimized and steady return is ensured.

CONCEPT OF MUTUAL FUNDS

The concept of mutual fund is a new feather in the cap of Indian capital market but not to international capital markets. The formal origin of mutual funds can be traced to Belgium where society generate de Belgique was established in 1822 as an investment company to finance investments in national industries with high associated risks. In England, the foreign and colonial government trust was established in 1868 to spread risks for investors over a large number of securities. The concept of mutual funds spread to U.S.A. in the beginning of the 20th century and three investment companies were started in 1924. The post world war II period gave an impetus to mutual funds culture in U.S.A. when more and more people invested in mutual funds. Since then the concept of mutual funds has been growing all around the world.

In India, mutual fund was started in 1964 when unit trust of India was started in 1964 when unit investment of India was established in the similar line of operation in the U.K. based investment trust companies. The terms like Investment Company, money fund, investment trust and mutual fund are used interchangeably and used to describe same thing in American literature. The term mutual fund has not been explained in British literature but it is considered as synonym of investment trust of U.S.A.

TYPES OF MUTUAL FUNDS

There are a number of mutual funds to suit the needs and preferences of investors. The choice of the fund is linked to the demand of the investor. The objective of earning helps in deciding the type of funds where investment is made. To achieve the differing objectives of the investors, mutual funds adopt different strategies and accordingly offer different schemes of investment. The various mutual funds may be classified under five broad categories:

A. According to ownership
According to ownership mutual funds may be classified as (i) public sector mutual funds and (ii) private sector mutual funds.

B. According to the scheme of operation
The most important classification of mutual funds is on the basis of the scheme of their operations as all types of mutual funds fall under this classification. According to the scheme of operations, the mutual funds could be divided into three categories, open ended bunds, close ended funds and the interval funds.

C. According to portfolio

Mutual funds can also be classified according to portfolio or the objectives of the fund. Some of these funds are discussed as follows:
(i) Income funds
(ii) Growth funds
(iii) Balanced or conservative funds
(iv) Stock or Equity funds
(v) Bond funds
(vi) Specialized funds
(vii) Leverage funds
(viii) Taxation funds
(ix) Money market mutual funds

D. According to location
Mutual funds can also be classified on the basis of location from where they mobilize funds, as:
(i) Domestic funds
(ii) Off-shore funds

E. Others types of mutual funds

In addition to the above mentioned mutual funds, there can be some other types of mutual funds also, such as, loan funds and non-loan funds based upon the expenses or fees to be charged. Hub and spoke funds which are basically fund of funds.

ADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS

A mutual fund is a special type of institution which acts as an investment intermediary and channelises the savings of large number of people to the corporate securities in such a way that investors get steady returns, capital appreciation and a low risk. Mutual funds are becoming very popular world wide because of the following important advantages:

(i) Diversification – A large number of investors have small savings with them. They can at the most buy shares of one or two companies. When small savings are pooled and entrusted to mutual funds then these can be used to buy shares of many different companies. Thus investors can participate in a large basket of shares of different companies. This diversification of investment ensures regular returns and capital appreciation at reduced risks as all the eggs or not put in one basket.

(ii) Expert supervision and management – A small investor cannot be an expert in portfolio management. When he invests in mutual funds, he gets the benefit of expert supervision and management which mutual funds can afford because of large resources at their disposal. The funds can be professionally employed through the mutual funds ensuring good returns. The mutual fund managers also have extensive research facilities at their disposal. They can analyze the performance and prospectus of various companies and take better decisions in making investments.
(iii) Liquidity – A peculiar advantage of a mutual fund is that investment made in its schemes can be converted back into cash promptly without heavy expenditure on brokerage, delays. According to the regulations of Stock Exchange Board of India (SEBI), a mutual fund in India is required to ensure liquidity. For open ended schemes, the investor can always approach the mutual fund to repurchase units at declared net assets value (NAV). In case of close ended schemes, units can easily be sold in the stock market.
(iv) Reduced Risk – As mutual funds invest in large number of companies and are managed professionally the risk factor of the investor is reduced. A small investor, on the other hand may not be in a position to minimize such risks.
(v) Tax Advantage – These are certain schemes of mutual funds which provide tax advantage under the income tax act. Thus the tax liability of investors is also reduced when he invests in these schemes of the mutual funds.
(vi) Low operating costs – Mutual funds have large investible funds at their disposal and thus can avail economies of large scale. This reduces their operating costs by way of brokerage, fees, commission. Thus a small investor also gets the benefit of large scale economies and low operating costs.
(vii) Flexibility – Mutual funds provide flexible investment plans to its subscribers such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans. Thus an investor can invest or withdraw funds according to his own requirements.
(viii) Higher Returns – Mutual funds are expected to provide higher returns to the investors as compared to direct investment because of professional management, economies of scale, reduced risk.
(ix) Investor protection – Mutual funds are regulated and monitored by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The SEBI (Mutual funds) regulations 1996 which have replaced the regulations of 1993, provide better protection to the investors, impart a greater degree of flexibility and facilitate competition.
From the above discussed advantages, we can conclude that investing in securities through mutual funds is a better choice than investing directly for the small investors. In addition, mutual funds are also relevant to the national interest and they have to play the role to fill the gap between supply and demand in the capital market.

Remarkable Changes of Surety Bond

Surety bond has made remarkable changes in the surety market during these past few years. Nowadays most of the people started realizing the uses and performance of the surety bond. Most of the companies started issuing the surety bond at different types and at different premium value. Surety bonds are issued by the bonding company as per the law, rules, regulations and ordinance of the state and federal jurisdiction. The technology has been improved with regards to the surety bond and most of the guaranteed agreements have been given through this surety bond.

Market survey has been taken with respect to the issuance and usage of surety bond. The survey gives very good results for the surety bond. Most of the issuance and usage of the surety bond in the surety market place is the construction industry. In the surety market, the most of the issuance and usage of surety bond is done through the perspective construction industry. Surety credit survey examining is conducted to list the number of boding companies made use of this surety bond. The data from the list gives the unreliable result that most of the companies made use of this surety bonds for their benefits.

Competitive environment

Surety bond is used mainly in the construction industry, to get over from their competition. The availability of jobs and market conditions place the tremendous changes in the competitive environment to win the construction contract. Most of the companies get through their jobs by making use of the surety bond relating the construction contract. Bonding companies emerged mostly due to the imposition of laws, rules and regulation of the state and federal government. Nowadays, the surety market has come out with the tremendous changes of the contractors who intensify with the bidding and make use of the available resources.

Availability

With the developed and changed surety market, the issuer of the surety bond says that it becomes difficult task for most of the construction clients to obtain the surety bond credit. Most of the people say that, it is the difficult to obtain the surety bond in the past. But now, it becomes easier that every individual who have interest to obtain, can obtain the surety bond at different types and at different premiums. Most clients feel that the construction contractors or any other contractor is required to issue surety bond, to give a guarantee contract. The volume of the company is also the important factor to be noted for the issuance of the surety bond.

Requirements

When the survey has been made with regards to the surety credit, it has been found that the surety will attain the position very quickly. The underwriting procedures will affect both the bond producer and the construction clients. To guide the construction industry and their process, bond issuers are doing more research to make the contractors more bondable. Bonding company is to prepare the proper financial statement. Contractor reputation is to be maintained properly to their consistency to develop the business plans and to reduce the overhead expenses.

Since surety bond is the guaranteed bond, most of the people wish to choose surety bond of their kind. Before some years, the issuance and usage of the surety bond is of very small quantity. But now more numbers of surety bonds are issued by the bonding company for the clients.

Seek a lender to come out of debt

When you are clueless on how to pay back your loan with insufficient cash, worry no more. Many times due to high interest rates, repayment of loan becomes a tough job that results in continual harassment by the creditors. Refinance is the safest option to take you out of such a mess.

Six-seven years back the refinancing options were limited. Today, consumers dictate and the lenders queue up to meet their requirements. So why not take advantage of such a situation, where your needs are given the maximum importance.

Several loan lenders in the market compete amongst themselves to provide you with business. The rise in competition results in lowered rate of interests and we can choose the best option that suits our requirements. You can seek quick information on the current market interest rates from other reliable sources. The borrower benefits from this rat race, as they are the choosers. Remember, a penny saved is a penny earned.

By applying online for a refinance, you are connected to several lenders. Lenders have sites that provide useful information. Your profile is matched with that of the lenders and accordingly the most competitive quotes are provided. You no more have to take the pains of visiting the lender; rather they get back to you after receiving your application.

You save more with the same income. This can be possible by cutting down the monthly payment of high interests. When you apply for refinancing your mortgage loan, you are provided with quotes from up to four lenders. You can compare the different rates with the help of Refinance Calculators and choose the best deal

You can borrow more than the unpaid loan balance if you have enough home equity. You can utilize that extra cash in meeting your other expenses, be it paying off your other debts or meeting personal expenses. If you want, you can also reduce the period of you payment, which helps you come out of debt faster as well as build equity faster in your home.

Mortgage lenders not only provide you with refinance options but also guide you on what is best for you. If your lender is reputable, he is sure to clear all your doubts.

Mutual Fund Alternatives - With Lower Risk and Higher Returns

Mutual funds as a group perform badly over the longer term.

Most cannot out perform the share index furthermore, a mutual fund is considered good if it reaches double digit gains.

If you take into account the effect of inflation on growth, mutual funds don’t look so attractive and the risk is high, with 30% or more in terms of drawdown and years to recovery in many instances.

So what are the alternatives?

There are plenty of mutual fund alternatives that not only offer higher returns, but lower risk and here we will look at one.

We all know that property is a good solid long term investment and it gets even better if it’s overseas investment property.

Overseas investment property is:

Cheap

Has high growth potential and low risk in many locations

can be very tax efficient

The country we will look at here is Costa Rica.

An example of the high growth potential can be made is illustrated by the following example.

A property purchased for just $30,000 near the popular holiday resort of Jaco 15 years ago, is worth $800,000 today.

The above gets even better when you consider these gains were steady and drawdowns were small and short lived.

But it gets better.

Overseas investment property can not only yield capital gains, it can also provide valuable extra rental income and act as a free holiday home – so you get to enjoy it to!

Will Costa Rica continue to provide great investment returns?

The answer is yes.

As more Americans want beach front property at affordable prices and in Costa Rica properties can cost up to 70% less than in the USA and Costa Rica is only a 2 hour flight away.

There are many expanding resorts where property can be bought cheaply with solid long term capital growth potential.

The buying process is easy.

Costa Rica encourages foreign investment and overseas buyers get the same rights as residents.

Investing in overseas property is also much easier than many people think.

You don’t need any specialist knowledge and there are many Realtors who specialize in helping foreign buyers acquire the right property in terms of:

Their budget and their expectations in terms of growth.

Many investors simply hope their mutual funds will deliver above average capital gains, but the odds are against them, despite what the sales literature says.

Of course, the risk is also high when investing in mutual funds and losing periods can and do, last years.

Costa Rica offers a great alternative to mutual funds and offers high returns, coupled with low risk.

If you are looking for solid longer term gains then an overseas property investment in a country such as Costa Rica is ideal.

Add in the potential for good rental income and a free holiday home and you have an investment you can actually enjoy as well, in one of the most beautiful countries on earth.

Consider the facts

Add all the above up and you have an investment that is well worth considering, from both a financial and a lifestyle point of view.

Over 100,000 Americans and other foreign investors have bought property in Costa Rica and maybe you should consider it to.

Mutual Fund Alternatives – Big Gains, Low Risk and Even Better

You can enjoy it to. It offers the lot low risk and high returns 30% + per annum and offers a great mutual fund alternative.

Mutual funds offer high risk and low returns after inflation so if you want better returns and low risk then try this one.

Its overseas property investment, its cheaper and easier than most people think and the bonus is you not only get an appreciating asset, you can enjoy it to, by having your own home in paradise.

Consider this fact:

A property bought near the popular resort of Jaco in Costa Rica for $30,000 just 15 years ago is worth as much as $750,000 today!

The downside volatility was low, while these huge gains were made.

But it gets better!

This investment not only gives you an appreciating asset, it also gives you a valuable rental income if you want it and the chance to own and visit your own slice of paradise.

An a mutual fund alternative it is not expensive and the returns and benefits are stunning.

It’s easy to do

There are plenty of companies to advice you on the best locations. Its tax efficient to and the buying process is easy and for peace of mind you get the same rights as residents?

Will these gains continue?

The answer is yes, because beach front property is up to 70% cheaper in Costa Rica and it’s only a 3 hour direct flight from the southern USA.

More Americans and foreign investors are buying than ever before and investment continues to grow making this a trend in motion that will continue for many years.

A simple choice

Let’s face it, mutual funds on the whole consider they do well if they make 12% per annum and with drawdowns up to 30% common and losing periods that last for years it’s not a great investment in terms of risk reward.

Overseas property in Costa Rica is affordable and offers much more and is a great mutual fund alternative you can actually enjoy as well

If you want 30% annual gains with low risk and an investment you can enjoy check out this mutual fund alternative and you may be glad you did.

Secured Personal Loans: Collateral to Give Cheap Loans

Personal needs are of several types. But, there is at least one thing common among them that they need money to be fulfilled. And, money is not a thing which can be there all the times you need them. So, what would you do then, if you don’t have the required money? Going to the kins is a good choice but they might also need the money any time and you won’t have a fixed tenure for your loans. So, here is the viable choice of secured personal loans whereby you can grab better benefits like fixed tenure and easy repayment mode with cheap rates. All the things of secured personal loans in unison, allow you to feel secured at the optimum level.

Secured personal loans are based on collateral attachment. This means, you are required to pledge collateral for the loans in lieu of which you will get the benefits of cheap rates and easy terms. This happens because your collateral lets the lender to feel a gratification that his money will be paid off timely. So, the repayment mode becomes easier and this generally ranges from 5 years to 30 years while the amount of the loans ranges between £ 3000 and £ 250000. Secured personal loans are available to the bad credit holders too, yet, with a slight surge in the interest rates.

You can have cheap rates in secured personal loans when you go online for them. Online allows you to grab the loans with a few mouse clicks only and that makes the lenders also to flock the platform in a large mass. So, it is obvious that you will have a large array of choices there. To find the best deal of your secured personal loans becomes easier for this.

However, there are various uses of secured personal loans as they are available for a wide range of requirements. Secured personal loans are there for debt consolidation, to update your business or even to go for a holiday. Secured personal loans are all pervasive.

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